اقتباس:
المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة PaPEr Cut
لكن لا أدري إذا كان كلام أخينا عاشق صحيح أو لأ :33: ..
تشكك بمعلوماتي :vereymad: :vereymad: :vereymad:
:biggrin: :biggrin: :biggrin:
معليش أمزح
أنا جبت لكم معلومات عن القصة من كتبها و متى كتبت و كم مرة ترجمة
و بعض الأحداث الي بفصول القصة
هاذي هي المعلومات :
The Tale of Genji,written in the year 1000 A.D. by a woman writer whom we now callMurasaki Shikibu, is known throughout the world. The originalversion of this work in the Japanese language of the Heian Period(795-1185 A.D.) has been read by generations of Japanese readers.In the twentieth century, Murasaki'soriginal words were translated into the modern Japanese languageby such famous writers as Yosano Akiko (1878-1942), Tanizaki Jun'ichiro(1886-1965), Tanabe Seiko (? -still active), and Enchi Fumiko(1905-recently deceased). Portions of The Tale of Genjihave been re-written as drama. Radio and television versionsof the famous story continue to be made in Japan. Several yearsago, a major Tokyo television network made a version of the Genjistory starring Mr. Higashiyama of the group of rock singers andperformers known as Hikaru Genji. In addition to modern versionsof the story in Japanese, translators such as the American EdwardSeidensticker and the Englishman Arthur Waley have published completeversions in the English language, in the 1960'sand the 1920's respectively.A third version of the Genji story in English is now being preparedin Australia. For your information, The Tale of Genjialso exists in French, Russian, and Chinese.
But wherever The Tale of Genjiis read, in whatever language, and by whomever, certain thingscan be noticed about the way the work is constructed that makeit universally appealing. For example, the theme of regainingone's birthright(???????????????????,becoming a successful man (?????),can be understood by anyone in the world. In ancient Greece,many stories told of an agon, a Greek word meaning 'journey'in which a man became a hero by going on a journey away from wherehe was born, a journey that contained much learning, and oftenincluded romantic adventure and marriage. The hero became a successwhen he returned to his birthplace to become, for example, a king. The Tale of Genji has a theme like the Greek agonin which a young boy must go through many experiences to becomea success: he must leave the place of his birth (i.e. Genji leaveshis father's palace), he mustproceed through many romantic adventures with women (i.e. Genjihas affairs with Fujitsubo, Utsusemi, Yugao, Oborozukiyo, RokujoMiyasundokoro, Murasaki, Tsuetsumuhana, and the Third Princess,among others), he must go on a journey into exile (i.e. Genjispends two years in Suma and Akashi on the coast of the InlandSea), and he must return to his birthplace to take up the positionin society he was meant, by birth, to achieve (i.e. Genji returnsto Kyoto, builds his own palace in Rokujo, and becomes a sortof pseudo-Emperor).
Success in regaining a birthrightis the great theme of the first part of The Tale of Genji,chapters 1-33 of a total of 54. Hikaru Genji, or Prince Genji,or the Shining Prince, are some of the names by which the maincharacter is known in these chapters. Not only does Genji achievesuccess, but through his efforts, almost everyone around him alsoachieves success. Through Genji does not follow in his father'sfootsteps to become an Emperor, he builds a great house, a palace,in which he acts like an Emperor. Everyone who lives at the RokujoPalace (????)issuccessful, everyone has his or her own set of buildings. Thepassing of the seasons flows as naturally as the pattern of lifeat Rokujo. Genji takes care of a lady who is called Akikonomuand makes her an Empress. She lives in Genji'sRokujo Palace in her own Autumn garden (???). Genji's daughter the AkashiPrincess lives with Genji and his greatest friend Murasaki intheir own garden which is best in Spring(???). The Akashi Princess's motherlives in quarters designed to look best in Winter, in the Northwestquarter of the Rokujo Palace (???). Genji's adopted daughterTamakazura and his son Yugiri live with another of Genji'sladies in a house in the Northeast meant to take advantage ofthe Summer season(???).
After Genji's40th birthday, in the next set of chapters, 34-41 of a total of54, the next generation become the main characters of the story.Characters with names such as Tamakazura, Yugiri, Kumoi no Kari,and Kashiwagi take over the main content of the story. In thissecond part of The Tale of Genji, success continues tobe a major theme, but we also experience the beginnings of failure(????????????????????????????????????????????????). Not every person is able to gain the success Genji had experiencedas a young man. Kashiwagi, for example, commits suicide afterhis illicit affair with Genji'snew wife The Third Princess. A child is born to her, a boy, Kaoru,who is not his biological son, but the result of Kashiwagi'saffair with The Third Princess. All of the above characters areyoung and unsuccessful. We might say that in this second part,The Tale of Genji tells us about life as it really is insteadof how it should be. Genji lives on but in a somewhat imperfectworld that he can no longer control.
The final part of The Taleof Genji, chapters 42-54, begins to tell the story of whathappens to the young people around Prince Genji after he dies,but soon switches its setting from Kyoto to a gloomy village calledUji to which Genji's son Kaoruand grandson Niou go, back and forth, coming and going on horseback,in pursuit of two young ladies whose names are Oigimi and Nakano Kimi. All of the relationships that ensue in Uji betweenthese characters of a third generation after Prince Genji arein their most successful state when they are just beginning. In other words, the best things in the lives of these charactershave already happened before the story begins. The story we experienceis one of disappointment, lack of ability to communicate, andloss of the will to live. The Tale of Genji in the firstpart is a success story(?????????). In the second part, it is a story of continuing success witha mixture of failure(?????????????). And in the third and last part, The Tale of Genji mustbe termed a story of failure(??????). I believe that these so-calledUji chapters are the best in the entire work. Many Japanese readersagree with me.
Exactly how The Tale of Genjigoes about telling its story of success, modified success,and failure is extremely complex as well as fascinating. Letme give you some idea of what I mean by examining three aspectsof monogatari style, how Murasaki Shikibu goes about writing.
First of all, I believe that MurasakiShikibu did not mean to tell a story of actual people, nor isher writing autobiographical(?????????????). The characters in The Tale of Genji have no actual models,but are composite characters who are a little bit of someone theauthor may have known, and a little bit more of her own fantasy. Why did Murasaki Shikibu write this way? Well-- to write thetruth, the actual facts of observation, is limiting. If one imaginesbeyond the truth and the facts, all becomes possible. I believethis impulse is what led Murasaki Shikibu to write in way shedoes. Because she chose this approach, Murasaki Shikibu may becalled the first writer of novelistic fiction the world has everknown.
I also believe that The Taleof Genji, in addition to being fiction--that is, an approximationof the truth, bigger than life, not limited by actual experience--isalso subversive. I might also use the word 'radical.' By subversive I mean the story is meant to overturn establishednorms in society(?????????????????????). The way in which Prince Genji actually achieves the success hisbirthright intended involves his transgression of accepted practice. He begins by having an affair with his own mother'sreplacement, a secret that must be kept throughout his life. He later has an affair with a lady meant to be in the serviceof another Emperor. These things were not allowed in Heian society.He takes a young girl into his care as his daughter, then makesthe girl his wife without going through the proper social customs. Many other instances like these occur throughout The Taleof Genji. Even in the Heian period when this work was firstread, we know that people found it sensational and went to greatlengths to have a copy in their possession. Reading beyond whatis normally possible is the great pleasure of fiction and thenovel.
Thesecond way in which Murasaki Shikibu writes in a way that keepsher readers' interest is throughher use of irony. Simply put, irony means a condition caused bya recognition that behind what is being portrayed as the fact,or the truth, is another side--which is equally valid, but isnot expressed("?????"????????????????????????????????????????????). In other words, when ironyis used in writing, we the readers become aware of truth beyondwhat the characters themselves know. We know that Fujitsubo givesbirth to Genji's son who becomesthe Emperor Reizei, but no-one else in the story does, not evenReizei. Secrets, and this use of irony as a way of writing, helppush the narrative to a successful conclusion. As a writer, MurasakiShikibu never keeps the secret or the irony in place without revealingthe truth sooner or later. Secrets become known, but always muchlonger after we the reader come to know about them. We the readersare asked to keep the secrets, and to enjoy them.
A third way of writing makes TheTale of Genji a supremely successful work of fiction whencombined with the idea of a fictional world beyond reality, andwith the idea of irony: it is the reversal of the gender rolein mothering that Prince Genji assumes as his primary means ofensuring recapture of his birthright(????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ). Prince Genji becomes a motherto Reizei when his mother Fujitsubo becomes a nun after the deathof Genji's father and herhusband the Emperor Kiritsubo. Genji helps this boy become Emperorand take his proper place in the world. In doing so, Genji ensureshis own success. {During my lecture, I will give you a few illustrationsof how Genji becomes a mother to Reizei.} Irony and fictionalitywork together with Genji'smothering to make this story compelling.
Some years after a young loverdies in Genji's arms, herdaughter by another man comes to live with Genji in his RokujoPalace. Genji assumes the role of 'mother'to ensure the success of this lady'ssearch to find her birthright. Her name is Tamakazura. {HereI will provide several examples of the way in which Genji 'mothers'Tamakazura.}
Several years after the abovescenes with Tamakazura are played out in the Rokujo Palace, Genjiagain assumes the role of 'mother'to Kaoru. His biological mother is The Third Princess but becauseof the embarrassing circumstances surrounding the birth of herchild, she soon becomes a nun, entrusting the boy to Genji. {HereI will give several examples of the Genji as Kaoru's'mother.'} Once again, a world bigger than reality lies behind Kaoru'sbirth. Irony is employed to protect Kaoru from knowing who hisbiological father is, and finally, Genji acts as 'mother'to give Kaoru a chance at a successful life. The process is cutshort by Genji's death. Kaoruis destined not to achieve success, and this is the story of thelast ten chapters of the novel.
Finally, the idea of Prince Genjias a transvestite mother, that is, a man who, while dressed asman, acts the role of a woman, is the main feminist aspect ofthe writing style in The Tale of Genji. Murasaki Shikibudesigned a story that would appeal greatly to women because, inits fictional world, the main male character acts as would a woman. In reality, the world Murasaki Shikibu lived in was one in whicha man's world (a patriarchy)(?????)had already overthrown the last remnants of early court societyin which children belonged entirely to their mother'sside of the family, and were considered chattel of the feminineline (a matriarchy)(?????). Prince Genji is a transitional character who is not as brutala man as Fujiwara Michinaga whom Murasaki Shikibu knew in herreal world. Her young women readers must have been excited witha such a gentle man who never forgot a woman he had known, andher male readers must have been chagrined and curious at whatmade a totally fictionalized man such as Prince Genji so popularwith women. From our modern standpoint, Genji'smasculinity is made softer by his feminine side as it is expressedin his role as mother. It can also be said that certain femalecharacters such as Tamakazura in The Tale of Genjiexhibit an element of masculinity which increases their attractivenessby adding a touch of masculine spice.
و هي منقولة من موقع أجنبي للفائدة
