اهلين
الحقيقه انا محتاجه لموقع حلو ممكن اخد منه موضوع والصقه في اصدار جمعية الانجليزي
ممكن حكمه _معلومه_قصه صغيره_خاطره طبعا بالانجليزي
any thing
واكون لكم من الشاكرين..........كـــــارلا1000:)
عرض للطباعة
اهلين
الحقيقه انا محتاجه لموقع حلو ممكن اخد منه موضوع والصقه في اصدار جمعية الانجليزي
ممكن حكمه _معلومه_قصه صغيره_خاطره طبعا بالانجليزي
any thing
واكون لكم من الشاكرين..........كـــــارلا1000:)
و الله يبي لها مخمخه لا حصلت شي عطيتك اياه:)
الا انتي شو عاوزه تحديدا:D
<<<<ما يدري ويش السالفه
زي ماقلت انا محتاجه لاي شي ينفع يتلصق في الاصدار
ومن ناحية التضييع فالله يخلف من زمــــــــان:) ":"
هلا كارلا
شو الموضوع اللي تبينه بالضبط ؟
هذا يمكن يفيدج , موقع فيه معلومات عن اي شي تبينه بس كله بالانجليزي :
http://www.encyberpedia.com
شكرا ايفل الموقع باين عليه تمام:)
thanks again:)
ماعندكم شي اوضح
انا مافي ادور
يعني ابغى صفحه من ويب
لاني نعسانه وابغى انام
انت بس عطيني مثااال وروحي ناامياقتباس:
كتب العضو (CARLA)
ماعندكم شي اوضح
انا مافي ادور
يعني ابغى صفحه من ويب
لاني نعسانه وابغى انام
وان شاء الله ارسلة لك :)
كم عندنا كارلا هي وحدة ومنسمة :D
زين حددي عن شو تبين بالضبط ؟ ولا كيف نقدر نعطيج
ممكن حكمه _معلومه_قصه صغيره_خاطره طبعا بالانجليزي
مو شي محدد
وبس
اههه (قاعده اتثائب)
ممم قوليلنا وانا اجيب لكى ممم تبغى موضوع عن الفيروسات او الجراثيم او الميكروبات او الامراض او .....كله انجليزى":"اقتباس:
كتب العضو (evilneverdie)
زين حددي عن شو تبين بالضبط ؟ ولا كيف نقدر نعطيج
هلا كوريلا:D تبي الموسوعه البريطانيه؟؟":"
الــــله يرجك
يابلس روح نام نوم الظالم عباده
بس قبل ماتنام جيب الموسوعه البريطانيه:D
ممكن بس لايكون طويلاقتباس:
كتب العضو (fly_batman)
ممم قوليلنا وانا اجيب لكى ممم تبغى موضوع عن الفيروسات او الجراثيم او الميكروبات او الامراض او .....كله انجليزى":"
خلااص اوكية رووحي ناامياقتباس:
كتب العضو (CARLA)
ممكن حكمه _معلومه_قصه صغيره_خاطره طبعا بالانجليزي
مو شي محدد
وبس
اههه (قاعده اتثائب)
باااااي وخلي المضوع علي
انا عند وعدى خذى هذا المقال عن الصحة و......:D
________________________________________________
Health Promotion Programs
Maternal and Child Health Care
Ever since the first health care programs for mothers and children were begun in 1952, infant deaths caused by birth trauma and infection have been decreasing. The infant mortality rate was 6.57 per 1,000 live births in 1998. Unfortunately, the relative number of accidental injuries, premature births, and birth defects have increased since 1952. As estimated, about 8 to 10 percent of the 300,000 live births were premature, therefore, it is important that comprehensive health services cover all stages of development, from conception through childhood.
The current NHI program provides prenatal and postnatal care for early detection and treatment of pregnancy-related diseases, ensures safe deliveries, and maintains the health of both infants and mothers. Ten free prenatal checkups and a "handbook for pregnant women" are provided to record the health conditions of expecting mothers. Breast-feeding is also encouraged. As a result, the health of mothers and children in the Taiwan area has greatly improved. In 1965, the number of women who died from childbirth was 75 per 100,000. This figure had dropped to 9.41 by 1986, and to 8.84 by 1998.
The infant mortality rate has also fallen. In 1965, it was 24 per 1,000; by 1994, the rate had decreased to 5.07 per 1,000. The figure rose to 6.57 per 1,000 in 1998, but the increases was mainly the result of an underestimation of infant and neonatal mortality rates due to the registration system in use prior to 1994. This discrepancy has now been corrected through the implementation of a more efficient and accurate birth registration system.
Over 99.95 percent of all deliveries were assisted by qualified personnel in 1997, a marked improvement in health service over past years, but a surprising 34.51 percent of all deliveries were done by Caesarean section (C-section), with only 20 percent of these operations performed out of medical necessity. The reason for the increase in the number of C-sections is strongly believed to be twofold. Although women who died of obstetric causes were at a low 8.84 per 100,000 live births, women regularly asked for this procedure to secure the health of their babies. Furthermore, the expenses for this method of delivery are fully covered by the NHI program. On the other hand, it is believed that hospitals were promoting C-sections out of a desire to increase their surgical fee income.
A strong preventive health care program has been implemented in Taiwan with health stations around the island offering free vaccinations to infants and children for hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, Japanese encephalitis, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. Comprehensive health programs and preventive health care services include six health examinations and a handbook of health for all infants and children up to three years of age. These examinations are conducted at clinics and hospitals islandwide. In October 1998, the Taipei City Government began to subsidize Taipei's children under six for medical care not provided under the NHI program. Growth and development norms, as well as recommended daily dietary allowances, have also been charted; thus, health care information in kindergartens and nurseries is now available for preschool children to detect growth anormalities at an early age.
Comprehensive measures have been taken to educate preschool teachers, parents, and expectant mothers on the importance and techniques of oral hygiene. Educational activities on injury prevention of accidents and injuries are conducted every year on Children's Day (April 4).
To secure national health quality and to address health problems at an early age, the Ministry of Education and the DOH have decided that a complete health record for all elementary school students will be completed biannually, starting from the 1998 school year. The examination will include a record of the students' height and weight, eyesight, auditive power and ENT conditions, oral hygiene, spine and chest, skin, cardiac and pulmonary system, and abdomen, as well as a check for eye diseases, parasites, diabetes, and other health problems. Parents and local health units will each receive a copy of the student's health records for follow-up inquiries and future reference.
Genetic Health Program
Congenital defects were the second most common cause of neonatal and infant deaths in 1997, accounting for nearly 29.79 percent of all neonatal and infant mortalities. Although the infant mortality rate has declined as a result of improved health services, the percentage of babies born with congenital abnormalities has not fallen, with percentage of newborns with congenital defects at 1.15 percent in 1998. According to experts, it was estimated that 3 to 4 percent of all newborns were categorized as severely deformed, adding more than 10,000 infants to the group annually.
The government has long been aware of this problem, and in 1980 initiated the Congenital Malformation Registration and Follow-up Project to study the prevalence, causes, and care of birth defects. There are 256 medical institutions participating in the project to report cases of congenital abnormalities. Genetic health counseling centers have been set up at the National Taiwan University Hospital, Tzu Chi Buddhist General Hospital (Hualien), the Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and the Kaohsiung Medical College Hospital. There are currently 22 certified cytogenetics laboratories operating in Taiwan, and, in 1998, approximately 99 percent of all newborns were screened for congenital metabolic disorders.
The Genetic Health Law provides a legal basis for health services, such as premarital health examinations, prenatal diagnosis, neonatal screening for congenital metabolic disorders, and genetic counseling. In 1998, there were more than 750 institutions providing one or more of these services and about 98 percent of the newborns were screened. The promotion of genetic health programs by the Medical Genetic Advisory Committee is also provided for under the Genetic Health Law.
In 1998, some 21,109 pregnant women received cytogenetic examinations. Among them, 12,104 were over 34 years old, accounting for 55.73 percent of expectant mothers in the age group of 35 years old and over. Some 2.8 percent of the fetuses were found to have chromosome disorders through amniocentesis. To detect thalassemia major and other complications during pregnancy, screenings for thalassemia have been provided for pregnant women since July 1993. In 1998, 872 couples were found MCV abnormal, and among them, 389 couples were carriers of the same genes. Of the fetuses examined, 103 were found of thalassemia major, approximately 60 percent of the 169 thalassemia major new borns in a year. In 1998, 17,564 potential mothers received rubella vaccinations as a measure to prevent birth defects.
Family Planning
The use of contraceptives by married women between 22 and 39 years of age in the Taiwan area has increased from 24 percent in 1965 to 74.86 percent in 1998. Statistics also show that women are having fewer and fewer children. For example, a survey of women between the ages of 40 and 49 revealed that the average number of children per woman declined from 6.1 in 1975 to 2.79 in 1998. The percentage of women in this same age group having four or more children has declined from 18.8 percent in 1975 to 3.7 percent in 1997, and the number of women having only one or two children has increased from 61.8 percent to 80.5 percent during that same time period.
The proportion of women who married between the ages of 20 and 34 years has declined from 67.3 percent in 1960 to 54 percent in 1997. The average age at first marriage during this time period increased from 22.7 to 28.4 years for women, and from 27.1 to 31.51 years for men. All of these factors have significantly lowered the birth rate in the Taiwan area. In 1998, the birth rate and death rate were 12.43 and 5.64 per 1,000 persons, respectively, with the natural population growth rate at 6.79 per 1,000 persons.
The aging of the population, the declining marriage rate among women between the ages of 20 and 34, and the falling birth rate have all raised concerns about a situation where the "dependent people are in the majority and the productive (young) people are in the minority" . Therefore, starting in 1990, the government adjusted its family planning policy to provide reproductive health services and education to married couples, potential mothers, and special groups (such as the disabled, infertile couples, youths, and residents in outlying areas).
Advanced developments in medical science and technology have enabled infertile couples to have their own babies through artificial means. The medical practices concerning artificial fertilization and implantation have to be regulated very carefully in order to safeguard individual rights, as well as to ensure the quality and correct application of artificial reproductive technologies. Relevant legislation promulgated thus far includes the Ethical Guidelines for Practicing Artificial Reproductive Technologies, Regulations Governing Artificial Reproductive Technologies, Accreditation Standards for Institutions Providing Artificial Reproductive Technological Services , and Operational Explications to Data Concerning the Donation of Eggs and Sperm. To date, 60 medical institutions have been accredited, enabling them to provide such services.
Teenage Pregnancy
The fertility rate among adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 in the Taiwan area at 15 per 1,000 was higher than in some other Asian countries in 1997. The fertility rate for married teenagers in this age group was even higher than that of the United States: 746 per 1,000 in 1997. Unexpected pregnancies and pregnant brides could help to explain this high fertility rate. More than 14,000 children are born annually to teenage mothers in the Taiwan area. According to a study conducted by the Taiwan Provincial Government titled "Teenage Sexuality, Pregnancy and Abortion in Taiwan." A study comparing the results of a 1984 survey with the results of a survey conducted in 1994 showed a 264 percent increase in premarital sexual activities among teenagers. In 1994, approximately 10 percent of teenage girls in Taiwan had sexual experience. Two-thirds of those who had engaged in sex for the first time did not use any form of contraception, and 11 percent became pregnant. Eight percent of the pregnant girls chose to have an abortion, and the vast majority of the rest became teenage mothers. As social values and behavior change, the problem of unwed teenage mothers may worsen.
The DOH has responded to this phenomenon by offering sex education and counseling services in schools, factories, and communities. In addition, civic organizations like the ROC Public Health Association, the School Health Association, the Mercy Memorial Foundation, the Youth Guidance Foundation, Teacher Chang and the Maternal and Child Health Association have all cooperated with the DOH to develop educational materials, train professional counselors, and provide consultation services for teenagers. The Mercy Memorial Foundation and the Family Life and Sex Education Center have gone one step further, by providing sex education training to school administrators and teachers. In 1998, some 20 youth health promotion clinics were established in both city medical centers and in teaching hospitals to provide counseling services and sex education for young people.
Adult and Geriatric Health
The aging population has increased the need for adult and geriatric health care. In 1997, persons aged 65 and over constituted 8.16 percent of the population (1.78 million people), an increase of 1.71 percent over the previous year. Although not a significantly large increase, when combined with the fact that the population aged 15 and below dropped by 11.6 percent over the past decade, then it can be seen why geriatric health care will become relatively more important in the future. It is estimated that by the year 2000, people aged 65 and over will account for 8.4 percent of the total population, qualifying the Taiwan area to be termed an "aged society," in United Nations parlance.
As the ratio of elderly people in society increases, chronic cardiovascular diseases have replaced infectious diseases as the major causes of death among adults. In 1998, for instance, cerebrovascular diseases, heart diseases, diabetes mellitus, and hypertensive diseases were the second, third, fifth, and ninth leading causes of death, respectively, representing 27.5 percent of all deaths that year.
Currently, all persons over 65 are entitled to free blood pressure and blood sugar tests at local health stations, and family health records are kept at all health stations for efficient follow-up. Cases of cardiac disease, diabetes, and hypertension are generally referred to adult or chronic disease clinics in public hospitals for treatment. After being discharged from public hospitals, patients are usually referred to local health stations for follow-up care. The primary health centers also provide home nursing services to persons aged 65 and above.
Local governments have appropriated special funds to subsidize medical expenditures for the aged. Guidelines on the control and treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia have been established to provide standard treatment procedures for these medical groups in the Taiwan area. Likewise, a series of educational materials on the control of chronic diseases have also been circulated among clinics. Finally, 49 education units for diabetes have been established in medical centers islandwide to provide comprehensive care for diabetic patients.
Long-term Care
Elderly people who are discharged from hospitals but still require some medical attention, or those who are chronically ill, usually require home health care. This service is provided by 148 hospital-based and 18 freestanding home care institutions in the Taiwan area. For less than US$56 per visit, elderly people can receive the medical care they need on a regular basis, usually twice per month. At the end of August 1999, the DOH also commissioned 220 medical institutions to provide out-of-hospital services as well as 20 day care centers. Supportive services are provided to families with members who are chronically ill. In addition, the Sun Yat-sen Cancer Center provides home care specifically for cancer patients. (Information on other welfare services for the elderly can be found in Chapter 19, Social Welfare.)
_______________________
ايش قلتى اذا ماتبغيه عندى موضوع عن فيروس الكبد البائى بكل انواعة انجليزى بس شويه طويل اختصريه":"
جربي هذي
don't say later will be better you got your self stuck in a moment that you can't get out of it
هذي انا مالفه
اقتباس:
كتب العضو (fly_batman)
انا عند وعدى خذى هذا المقال عن الصحة و......:D
________________________________________________
Health Promotion Programs
Maternal and Child Health Care
Ever since the first health care programs for mothers and children were begun in 1952, infant deaths caused by birth trauma and infection have been decreasing. The infant mortality rate was 6.57 per 1,000 live births in 1998. Unfortunately, the relative number of accidental injuries, premature births, and birth defects have increased since 1952. As estimated, about 8 to 10 percent of the 300,000 live births were premature, therefore, it is important that comprehensive health services cover all stages of development, from conception through childhood.
The current NHI program provides prenatal and postnatal care for early detection and treatment of pregnancy-related diseases, ensures safe deliveries, and maintains the health of both infants and mothers. Ten free prenatal checkups and a "handbook for pregnant women" are provided to record the health conditions of expecting mothers. Breast-feeding is also encouraged. As a result, the health of mothers and children in the Taiwan area has greatly improved. In 1965, the number of women who died from childbirth was 75 per 100,000. This figure had dropped to 9.41 by 1986, and to 8.84 by 1998.
The infant mortality rate has also fallen. In 1965, it was 24 per 1,000; by 1994, the rate had decreased to 5.07 per 1,000. The figure rose to 6.57 per 1,000 in 1998, but the increases was mainly the result of an underestimation of infant and neonatal mortality rates due to the registration system in use prior to 1994. This discrepancy has now been corrected through the implementation of a more efficient and accurate birth registration system.
Over 99.95 percent of all deliveries were assisted by qualified personnel in 1997, a marked improvement in health service over past years, but a surprising 34.51 percent of all deliveries were done by Caesarean section (C-section), with only 20 percent of these operations performed out of medical necessity. The reason for the increase in the number of C-sections is strongly believed to be twofold. Although women who died of obstetric causes were at a low 8.84 per 100,000 live births, women regularly asked for this procedure to secure the health of their babies. Furthermore, the expenses for this method of delivery are fully covered by the NHI program. On the other hand, it is believed that hospitals were promoting C-sections out of a desire to increase their surgical fee income.
A strong preventive health care program has been implemented in Taiwan with health stations around the island offering free vaccinations to infants and children for hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, Japanese encephalitis, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. Comprehensive health programs and preventive health care services include six health examinations and a handbook of health for all infants and children up to three years of age. These examinations are conducted at clinics and hospitals islandwide. In October 1998, the Taipei City Government began to subsidize Taipei's children under six for medical care not provided under the NHI program. Growth and development norms, as well as recommended daily dietary allowances, have also been charted; thus, health care information in kindergartens and nurseries is now available for preschool children to detect growth anormalities at an early age.
Comprehensive measures have been taken to educate preschool teachers, parents, and expectant mothers on the importance and techniques of oral hygiene. Educational activities on injury prevention of accidents and injuries are conducted every year on Children's Day (April 4).
To secure national health quality and to address health problems at an early age, the Ministry of Education and the DOH have decided that a complete health record for all elementary school students will be completed biannually, starting from the 1998 school year. The examination will include a record of the students' height and weight, eyesight, auditive power and ENT conditions, oral hygiene, spine and chest, skin, cardiac and pulmonary system, and abdomen, as well as a check for eye diseases, parasites, diabetes, and other health problems. Parents and local health units will each receive a copy of the student's health records for follow-up inquiries and future reference.
Genetic Health Program
Congenital defects were the second most common cause of neonatal and infant deaths in 1997, accounting for nearly 29.79 percent of all neonatal and infant mortalities. Although the infant mortality rate has declined as a result of improved health services, the percentage of babies born with congenital abnormalities has not fallen, with percentage of newborns with congenital defects at 1.15 percent in 1998. According to experts, it was estimated that 3 to 4 percent of all newborns were categorized as severely deformed, adding more than 10,000 infants to the group annually.
The government has long been aware of this problem, and in 1980 initiated the Congenital Malformation Registration and Follow-up Project to study the prevalence, causes, and care of birth defects. There are 256 medical institutions participating in the project to report cases of congenital abnormalities. Genetic health counseling centers have been set up at the National Taiwan University Hospital, Tzu Chi Buddhist General Hospital (Hualien), the Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and the Kaohsiung Medical College Hospital. There are currently 22 certified cytogenetics laboratories operating in Taiwan, and, in 1998, approximately 99 percent of all newborns were screened for congenital metabolic disorders.
The Genetic Health Law provides a legal basis for health services, such as premarital health examinations, prenatal diagnosis, neonatal screening for congenital metabolic disorders, and genetic counseling. In 1998, there were more than 750 institutions providing one or more of these services and about 98 percent of the newborns were screened. The promotion of genetic health programs by the Medical Genetic Advisory Committee is also provided for under the Genetic Health Law.
In 1998, some 21,109 pregnant women received cytogenetic examinations. Among them, 12,104 were over 34 years old, accounting for 55.73 percent of expectant mothers in the age group of 35 years old and over. Some 2.8 percent of the fetuses were found to have chromosome disorders through amniocentesis. To detect thalassemia major and other complications during pregnancy, screenings for thalassemia have been provided for pregnant women since July 1993. In 1998, 872 couples were found MCV abnormal, and among them, 389 couples were carriers of the same genes. Of the fetuses examined, 103 were found of thalassemia major, approximately 60 percent of the 169 thalassemia major new borns in a year. In 1998, 17,564 potential mothers received rubella vaccinations as a measure to prevent birth defects.
Family Planning
The use of contraceptives by married women between 22 and 39 years of age in the Taiwan area has increased from 24 percent in 1965 to 74.86 percent in 1998. Statistics also show that women are having fewer and fewer children. For example, a survey of women between the ages of 40 and 49 revealed that the average number of children per woman declined from 6.1 in 1975 to 2.79 in 1998. The percentage of women in this same age group having four or more children has declined from 18.8 percent in 1975 to 3.7 percent in 1997, and the number of women having only one or two children has increased from 61.8 percent to 80.5 percent during that same time period.
The proportion of women who married between the ages of 20 and 34 years has declined from 67.3 percent in 1960 to 54 percent in 1997. The average age at first marriage during this time period increased from 22.7 to 28.4 years for women, and from 27.1 to 31.51 years for men. All of these factors have significantly lowered the birth rate in the Taiwan area. In 1998, the birth rate and death rate were 12.43 and 5.64 per 1,000 persons, respectively, with the natural population growth rate at 6.79 per 1,000 persons.
The aging of the population, the declining marriage rate among women between the ages of 20 and 34, and the falling birth rate have all raised concerns about a situation where the "dependent people are in the majority and the productive (young) people are in the minority" . Therefore, starting in 1990, the government adjusted its family planning policy to provide reproductive health services and education to married couples, potential mothers, and special groups (such as the disabled, infertile couples, youths, and residents in outlying areas).
Advanced developments in medical science and technology have enabled infertile couples to have their own babies through artificial means. The medical practices concerning artificial fertilization and implantation have to be regulated very carefully in order to safeguard individual rights, as well as to ensure the quality and correct application of artificial reproductive technologies. Relevant legislation promulgated thus far includes the Ethical Guidelines for Practicing Artificial Reproductive Technologies, Regulations Governing Artificial Reproductive Technologies, Accreditation Standards for Institutions Providing Artificial Reproductive Technological Services , and Operational Explications to Data Concerning the Donation of Eggs and Sperm. To date, 60 medical institutions have been accredited, enabling them to provide such services.
Teenage Pregnancy
The fertility rate among adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 in the Taiwan area at 15 per 1,000 was higher than in some other Asian countries in 1997. The fertility rate for married teenagers in this age group was even higher than that of the United States: 746 per 1,000 in 1997. Unexpected pregnancies and pregnant brides could help to explain this high fertility rate. More than 14,000 children are born annually to teenage mothers in the Taiwan area. According to a study conducted by the Taiwan Provincial Government titled "Teenage Sexuality, Pregnancy and Abortion in Taiwan." A study comparing the results of a 1984 survey with the results of a survey conducted in 1994 showed a 264 percent increase in premarital sexual activities among teenagers. In 1994, approximately 10 percent of teenage girls in Taiwan had sexual experience. Two-thirds of those who had engaged in sex for the first time did not use any form of contraception, and 11 percent became pregnant. Eight percent of the pregnant girls chose to have an abortion, and the vast majority of the rest became teenage mothers. As social values and behavior change, the problem of unwed teenage mothers may worsen.
The DOH has responded to this phenomenon by offering sex education and counseling services in schools, factories, and communities. In addition, civic organizations like the ROC Public Health Association, the School Health Association, the Mercy Memorial Foundation, the Youth Guidance Foundation, Teacher Chang and the Maternal and Child Health Association have all cooperated with the DOH to develop educational materials, train professional counselors, and provide consultation services for teenagers. The Mercy Memorial Foundation and the Family Life and Sex Education Center have gone one step further, by providing sex education training to school administrators and teachers. In 1998, some 20 youth health promotion clinics were established in both city medical centers and in teaching hospitals to provide counseling services and sex education for young people.
Adult and Geriatric Health
The aging population has increased the need for adult and geriatric health care. In 1997, persons aged 65 and over constituted 8.16 percent of the population (1.78 million people), an increase of 1.71 percent over the previous year. Although not a significantly large increase, when combined with the fact that the population aged 15 and below dropped by 11.6 percent over the past decade, then it can be seen why geriatric health care will become relatively more important in the future. It is estimated that by the year 2000, people aged 65 and over will account for 8.4 percent of the total population, qualifying the Taiwan area to be termed an "aged society," in United Nations parlance.
As the ratio of elderly people in society increases, chronic cardiovascular diseases have replaced infectious diseases as the major causes of death among adults. In 1998, for instance, cerebrovascular diseases, heart diseases, diabetes mellitus, and hypertensive diseases were the second, third, fifth, and ninth leading causes of death, respectively, representing 27.5 percent of all deaths that year.
Currently, all persons over 65 are entitled to free blood pressure and blood sugar tests at local health stations, and family health records are kept at all health stations for efficient follow-up. Cases of cardiac disease, diabetes, and hypertension are generally referred to adult or chronic disease clinics in public hospitals for treatment. After being discharged from public hospitals, patients are usually referred to local health stations for follow-up care. The primary health centers also provide home nursing services to persons aged 65 and above.
Local governments have appropriated special funds to subsidize medical expenditures for the aged. Guidelines on the control and treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia have been established to provide standard treatment procedures for these medical groups in the Taiwan area. Likewise, a series of educational materials on the control of chronic diseases have also been circulated among clinics. Finally, 49 education units for diabetes have been established in medical centers islandwide to provide comprehensive care for diabetic patients.
Long-term Care
Elderly people who are discharged from hospitals but still require some medical attention, or those who are chronically ill, usually require home health care. This service is provided by 148 hospital-based and 18 freestanding home care institutions in the Taiwan area. For less than US$56 per visit, elderly people can receive the medical care they need on a regular basis, usually twice per month. At the end of August 1999, the DOH also commissioned 220 medical institutions to provide out-of-hospital services as well as 20 day care centers. Supportive services are provided to families with members who are chronically ill. In addition, the Sun Yat-sen Cancer Center provides home care specifically for cancer patients. (Information on other welfare services for the elderly can be found in Chapter 19, Social Welfare.)
_______________________
ايش قلتى اذا ماتبغيه عندى موضوع عن فيروس الكبد البائى بكل انواعة انجليزى بس شويه طويل اختصريه":"
اذا هذا تعتبره قصير وشلون بيصير موضوع الكبد اللي تقول طويل;)
طيب تبغى تاليف
___________________________
one apple aday keep the doctor away
_____________________________
مو حلو:D
طيب اسمعوا ذي
the grass could be greener and it'll always be greener on the other side
وش رايك
يعنى تتحدانى استنى غدا وبجببلك وحدة قصيرة ومناها كبير":" :غضب:
يا حبيبي هذي وليدة اللحظة يعني انا مالفها 100%
وانا هذه الحكم من تأليفى1545454153454545454545454545454544% واتحداك تجيب احسن منها وحتى لو جبت بجيب احسن منك يا كارولا احكمى":"
كيف الحال ياشباب وانا عند وعدى وهذه حكم قصيرة ومعناها كبير اذا احد يبغى معناها بحطه
_____________________الحكمة الاوله او المثل______
معناها:الحقيقة سوف تسود
(Truth will prevail)
____________________الحكمة الثانية او المثل_______
معناها:الكلام من فضة والسكوت من ذهب
(Speech is silver but silence is gold)
_____________الحكمة الثالثة او المثل____________
معناها:الولد صورةَ عن ابيه
(like father like son)
__________________الحكمة الرابعة او المثل_________
معناها:صحبة السوء مفسدة للأخلاق
(Evil communications corrupt good manners)
________الحكمة الأخيرة(تعبت)_______________
معناها:عامل الناس كما تحب ان يعاملك الناس
(Do as you would be done by)
والسلام عليكم بروح انام غدا عندى اختبار انجليشى
ايش رايكم وأذا تبغو زيادة اطلوبو واذا تريدو تعريفها اطلبوا
مع تحيات الكسلان
Fly_batman
":"
ايش الثقافه هذي من ورايه
ولا طلعت تمام يافلاي:)
احم احم لا شكر على واجب اذا تبغى زياده بس اطلبينى":" (باين الثقافة يا ذكى) يعنى هذا لتبغيه":"اقتباس:
كتب العضو (CARLA)
ايش الثقافه هذي من ورايه
ولا طلعت تمام يافلاي:)